Final cut video software

Final cut video software

Other interesting open source alternatives to Final Cut Pro are Shotcut, OpenShot, Avidemux and Olive Video Editor. Final Cut Pro alternatives are mainly Video Editors but may also be Motion Graphics Software or VFX Software. Filter by these if you want a narrower list of alternatives or looking for a specific functionality of Final Cut Pro.Final Cut Pro is professional-level video editing software, used by both amateurs and experts alike. Still from Skillshare class Video Editing with …Pinnacle is a solid and longtime player in the video editing field. It packs a healthy helping of near-pro-level capabilities into a fairly intuitive interface. Pinnacle has mask motion tracking ... Subscribe to Final Cut Pro for iPad. For full access to all the features and content in Final Cut Pro for iPad, sign up for a monthly or yearly subscription using your Apple ID. You can try Final Cut Pro for iPad free for 1 month. You can cancel your subscription at any time. Make sure Pro Video Formats for Final Cut Pro, Motion, and Compressor are installed on your Mac. Pro Video Formats provides support for Final Cut Pro, Motion, and Compressor to work with a variety of video formats, including MXF files. Use System Information to see if Pro Video Formats is installed, and if so which version:Apple today brought its Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro software to the iPad for the first time, ... Dan will be editing a full video on the ‌iPad‌ using Final Cut Pro, so keep an eye out for that ...Aug 7, 2023 ... Want exclusive course content and in depth tutorials? Join as a Member! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIFdtLXB_6YDoiJoe1k5wOA/join (This ...Final Cut Pro X 10.0.8 for Mac OS X. Video editing software for mac. This file is uploaded in accordance with Title 17, section 108 of the U.S. Code. It is … Download now. Minimum System Requirements. See minimum system requirements for Final Cut Pro. Installation Notes. To install, first open the disk image, then double-click the installer package. You will be guided through the installation process. With the rise of remote work and virtual meetings, video conferencing software has become an essential tool for businesses and individuals alike. Among the many options available, ...Final Cut Pro has been around for a long time, and is one of the most used pro video editing software suits. The idea that Apple would discontinue it is hardly realistic. Aperture had some problems from the beginning, and when Adobe came out with Lightroom shortly after, it didn’t have the chance to gain enough users to stay around, even ... External monitoring of video with third-party Thunderbolt and PCIe devices, or via HDMI on select Mac computers 1. Final Cut Pro features improved performance and efficiency with optimizations for M2 Pro, M2 Max, and M1 Ultra on the new MacBook Pro and Mac Studio. 64-bit architecture to take advantage of more than 4GB of RAM. Final Cut Pro revolutionises post-production with 360° video, HDR and advanced tools for colour correction. Try it now with a free 90-day trial. ... If you’re using a previous version of the Final Cut Pro trial, you’ll be able to use this version free for an additional 90 days.Final Cut Pro X is advance video editing software. Final cut Pro X is developed by an Apple Inc. for Macintosh. Plenty of features are there for the users to play, trim, change effects and manage to create videos according to their chaos. This software has the revolutionary video editing, powerful media organization and incredible … Final Cut Pro includes an intuitive, comprehensive set of tools for closed captioning in a variety of formats, without the need for expensive third-party software or services. You can create, view, and edit captions within Final Cut Pro, and deliver them as part of your video or as a separate file. Import. VSDC Free Video Editor. Difficulty: 6/10. Render Speed: 4/10. It's a free Final Cut Pro for Windows 11/10 alternative with lots of presets. VSDC Free Video Editor, developed by Flash-Integro, LLC., is a free and multiple media editing software that serves as a primary alternative of Final Cut Pro on Windows. External monitoring of video with third-party Thunderbolt and PCIe devices, or via HDMI on select Mac computers 1. Final Cut Pro features improved performance and efficiency with optimizations for M2 Pro, M2 Max, and M1 Ultra on the new MacBook Pro and Mac Studio. 64-bit architecture to take advantage of more than 4GB of RAM. Final Cut Pro is a powerful video editing software for professionals. It enables you to create, capture, and deliver high-quality videos for commercial or personal use. Final Cut Pro includes advanced editing tools, multi-screen video playback, multicam editing, RED camera support and more. Final Cut Pro gives you the tools you need to make ... If this video is too fast, check out my slower, more clear tutorial here - https://youtu.be/-VgAmHEEQGg1. Final Cut Free Trial - https://www.apple.com/ca/fin... If you’re looking to create engaging videos that grab attention and capture viewers, you’ll want to use video editing software programs to your advantage. One of the best ways to c...Final Cut Pro is a powerful video editing software for professionals. It enables you to create, capture, and deliver high-quality videos for commercial or personal use. …Glitch Animated Titles. Glitch Animated Titles features 10 stunning animations that can easily be edited using Final Cut Pro parameters. Try mix and matching animations to create something completely new and stylistically cohesive. 3. Flash FX Smoke Elements and Titles. This pack is loaded with assets beyond titles.In the world of video editing, two software giants stand out: Final Cut Pro and Premiere Pro. Both are powerful tools that have gained popularity among professionals and enthusiast...Final Cut Pro (also known as FCP, previously Final Cut Pro X) is Apple's efficient and accessible video editing software for everyone, offering powerful ... Retime clips to create cinematic fast-motion, slow-motion, and variable-speed effects. Reduce or eliminate grain and video noise with easy-to-use noise-reduction tools. Create studio-quality 2D and 3D titles and set them in motion, without leaving Final Cut Pro. Track moving objects in clips to match their movement with an effect, graphic, or ... Final Cut Pro X is advance video editing software. Final cut Pro X is developed by an Apple Inc. for Macintosh. Plenty of features are there for the users to play, trim, change effects and manage to create videos according to their chaos. This software has the revolutionary video editing, powerful media organization and incredible …Pinnacle is a solid and longtime player in the video editing field. It packs a healthy helping of near-pro-level capabilities into a fairly intuitive interface. Pinnacle has mask motion tracking ...Sep 21, 2023 ... Final Cut Pro X được mệnh danh là phần mềm dựng phim, chỉnh sửa video xuất sắc nhất dành cho dòng Macbook. Phần mềm chuyên nghiệp với đầy đủ ...Final Cut Pro (also known as FCP, previously Final Cut Pro X) is Apple's efficient and accessible video editing software for everyone, offering powerful ...Sep 29, 2021 · Final Cut and most other video softwares these days are much more affordable, practical and time-saving methods to traditional film editing. But to those who are beginners and who might now know what libraries, timelines, trimming, J-cuts or L-cuts are – the entire process of video editing (let alone the interface of Final Cut Pro alone) can ... Software Final Cut Pro (1,424) Premiere Pro (595) ... Learn to use Final Cut Pro to create a video, tell effective stories, correct color—even how to layer video.Compressor tightly integrates with Final Cut Pro to add custom output settings and extensive delivery features. With support for HDR, HEVC, 360° video, and MXF output — and standout performance and efficiency on Mac computers with Apple silicon — it’s the most powerful, flexible way to export your Final Cut Pro projects. Buy Compressor.Final Cut Pro is built with useful editing resources. The software provides more convenient track editing with its Magnetic Timeline 2 that utilizes advanced metadata. Users can drag and drop their audio roles on its Enhanced Timeline Index. Its Clip Connections allows seamless integration of B-rolls, music and sound effects to the …If you ever thought that using Final Cut Pro Mac crack is the only way you can enjoy the benefits of this program for free, you are wrong. There is a 30-day free trial for the Final Cut Pro X and it is more than enough to test and try everything this software has to offer. Platforms: Mac. Price: free 30 days.Final Cut Pro is a powerful video editing software for professionals. It enables you to create, capture, and deliver high-quality videos for commercial or personal use. …Final Cut Pro revolutionizes post-production with 360° video, HDR and advanced tools for colour correction. Try it now with a free 90-day trial. Apple; Store; Mac; iPad; iPhone; Watch; AirPods; ... Get a free trial of the latest version of Final Cut Pro for your Mac. Download now. Looking for Final Cut Pro? Minimum System Requirements. See ...Entertainment software is any software that supports a hobby or provides a form of amusement. Entertainment software includes video games, videos and any other software that a user...Did you know that editing video footage can make your videos look professional? In this article, we’ll show you the essential techniques for cutting video, arranging frames, and pe...Feb 28, 2022 · Final Cut Pro X is the best video editing software available in the Mac environment. It is fast, stable and easy to use. It provides almost every professional tool for video editing. Also, there is a large library of professional video effects, transitions, and audio effects. However, competitors like Adobe's Premiere Pro and Davinci Resolve ... Oct 19, 2021 ... What is the best editing software for YouTube? Final Cut Pro or Adobe Premiere Pro? ****** Get Started with Adobe Premiere Pro HERE ...Adobe offers a range of video editors like Premiere Pro to Rush - but Premiere Elements is its easy video editing software. It’s super-simple to get started learning the ropes, subscription-free ...Final Cut Pro has been around for a long time, and is one of the most used pro video editing software suits. The idea that Apple would discontinue it is hardly realistic. Aperture had some problems from the beginning, and when Adobe came out with Lightroom shortly after, it didn’t have the chance to gain enough users to stay around, even ...LightCut is a video editing app officially recommended by DJI. It features rich shooting and editing functions that fit the lives and filming needs of DJI users. It supports multiple DJI products, real-time footage previews, and quick output without the need to export footage from your DJI device. It uses an AI-based One-Tap editing function ...Mar 14, 2022 ... Vertical Videos in FINAL CUT PRO: Reels, TikTok & Shorts ... Video Editing Software to Use? MattChungz ... Final Cut Pro Editing & Magnetic Timeline .... In 2011, the software was rebuilt, and Final Cut Pro was launched with a new interface, features, and enhancements. Previous versions were good, but Final Cut Pro is significantly better. In terms of video editing, Final Cut Pro X is a big step up from iMovie, speeding up editing time and capabilities for professionals. Final Cut Pro X is advance video editing software. Final cut Pro X is developed by an Apple Inc. for Macintosh. Plenty of features are there for the users to play, trim, change effects and manage to create videos according to their chaos. This software has the revolutionary video editing, powerful media organization and incredible …70% OFF FULL FINAL CUT PRO X CLASS - http://bit.ly/learn-final-cut-pro-x-70 Buy me a pint if you want to say thanks: https://ko-fi.com/benhalsallThis tutori...Retime clips to create cinematic fast-motion, slow-motion, and variable-speed effects. Reduce or eliminate grain and video noise with easy-to-use noise-reduction tools. Create studio-quality 2D and 3D titles and set them in motion, without leaving Final Cut Pro. Track moving objects in clips to match their movement with an effect, graphic, or ...Video Toolkit. 8 of the Best Alternatives to Final Cut Pro X. Kapwing Team. Sep 25, 2023 12 min. Final Cut Pro X is powerful video editing software, …After installing Final Cut Pro, Motion 5, or Compressor 4, be sure to run Software Update to download and install Pro Video Formats. This update is recommended for all users of Final Cut Pro, Motion 5, or Compressor 4. From the Apple ( ) menu, choose Software Update. For more information, see OS X: Updating OS X and Mac App Store …Final Cut Pro is a powerful video editing software that has become a favorite among professionals in the film and television industry. With its extensive range of features and user...Final Cut Pro for video editors . Moving on to the other end of the spectrum (to a degree), we have Final Cut Pro which offers a more professional-level NLE software for those working in the film and video industry. ... Other video editing software and resources to consider. As we mentioned above, outside of iMovie and Final Cut Pro …Sep 11, 2023 ... FCPX uses a trackless 'magnetic timeline', which appears initially less complicated and easier to use. However don't be fooled by cosmetic ...Yes. Yes. 1. Platform. The most significant difference between Final Cut Pro and DaVinci is the device you need to power it. Final Cut Pro is Apple software, and can only be used on a Mac, whereas Blackmagic Design’s DaVinci Resolve works well on both PCs and Macs. Depending on where you stand on the Mac versus PC argument, this …Final Cut Pro (also known as FCP, previously Final Cut Pro X) is Apple's efficient and accessible video editing software for everyone, offering powerful ...Other interesting Linux alternatives to Final Cut Pro are Shotcut, DaVinci Resolve, OpenShot and Avidemux. Final Cut Pro alternatives are mainly Video Editors but may also be Motion Graphics Software or VFX Software. Filter by these if you want a narrower list of alternatives or looking for a specific functionality of Final Cut Pro. Final Cut Pro.Apple’s Final Cut Pro is a very powerful video editing package for the Mac, but unfortunately, there isn’t a Final Cut Pro X Windows edition or a Final Cut Pro for Windows 10. That’s where the best Final Cut Pro alternative for Windows comes in: there are lots of good programs like it, delivering all the features you need to produce .... Vegas Pro is a long-standing professional video editing software on Windows. Now, it just released Pro 17 to give it more features, so it is also an excellent Final Cut Pro alternative. At this time, VEGAS PRO 17 features a high-speed video editing experience with GPU acceleration and intuitive design.Final Cut Pro has been around for a long time, and is one of the most used pro video editing software suits. The idea that Apple would discontinue it is hardly realistic. Aperture had some problems from the beginning, and when Adobe came out with Lightroom shortly after, it didn’t have the chance to gain enough users to stay around, even ... Subscribe to Final Cut Pro for iPad. For full access to all the features and content in Final Cut Pro for iPad, sign up for a monthly or yearly subscription using your Apple ID. You can try Final Cut Pro for iPad free for 1 month. You can cancel your subscription at any time. Final Cut Pro revolutionizes post-production with 360° video, HDR, and advanced tools for color correction. Try it now with a free 90-day trial.Final Cut Pro (also known as FCP, previously Final Cut Pro X) is Apple's efficient and accessible video editing software for everyone, offering powerful ...1. Create a New Project & Import Media. 2. Add Trimmed Clips to Timeline. 3. Add Text & Titles. 4. Add Transitions. 5. Add Effects. 6. Add Music & Audio. 7. Color Correction. 8. …Here, we'll consider the many aspects of choosing high-end video editing software. ... Apple Final Cut Pro: Apple's pro video editor costs a flat, one-time price of $299.99. That's a massive cut ...Mar 8, 2024 · An open-source alternative to Final Cut Pro for Windows, Mac, and Linux that specializes in animation tools and motion effects. Detailed Review >. 3. Lightworks Free - Best For Control Over Effects. Lightworks Free is a professional alternative to Final Cut Pro for free. Subscribe to Final Cut Pro for iPad. For full access to all the features and content in Final Cut Pro for iPad, sign up for a monthly or yearly subscription using your Apple ID. You can try Final Cut Pro for iPad free for 1 month. You can cancel your subscription at any time.Entertainment software is any software that supports a hobby or provides a form of amusement. Entertainment software includes video games, videos and any other software that a user...Other interesting Linux alternatives to Final Cut Pro are Shotcut, DaVinci Resolve, OpenShot and Avidemux. Final Cut Pro alternatives are mainly Video Editors but may also be Motion Graphics Software or VFX Software. Filter by these if you want a narrower list of alternatives or looking for a specific functionality of Final Cut Pro. Final Cut Pro.Sync audio and video in Final Cut Pro for Mac. Final Cut Pro can automatically analyze and sync the audio and video clips in your project. A common production technique is double system sound, in which you record the video on one device (such as a DSLR camera) and the audio on a separate device (such as a digital audio recorder).In this …Final Cut Pro X. If you work on a Mac, Final Cut Pro X is a great option. Final Cut Pro was once considered the industry gold standard of editing software. In recent years, however, other software suites have become more popular. However, Final Cut is still a powerful and versatile software for Mac users. ... Professional video editing software ...Aug 17, 2023 · Make sure Pro Video Formats for Final Cut Pro, Motion, and Compressor are installed on your Mac. Pro Video Formats provides support for Final Cut Pro, Motion, and Compressor to work with a variety of video formats, including MXF files. Use System Information to see if Pro Video Formats is installed, and if so which version: Aug 17, 2023 · After installing Final Cut Pro, Motion 5, or Compressor 4, be sure to run Software Update to download and install Pro Video Formats. This update is recommended for all users of Final Cut Pro, Motion 5, or Compressor 4. From the Apple ( ) menu, choose Software Update. For more information, see OS X: Updating OS X and Mac App Store apps. Final Cut Pro can be updated for free for existing users. For new users, the Mac version is priced at $299.99, and the iPad version is available for $4.99 per month or $49 per year. By. Kwon Yong ...8GB of RAM (16GB recommended for third-party effects and plug-ins) Metal‑capable graphics card (Intel-based Mac computers only) 5.8GB of available disk space. Some features require a Mac with Apple silicon. Some features require internet access; fees may apply. Blu‑ray recorder required for burning Blu‑ray discs. …Final Cut Pro X. If you work on a Mac, Final Cut Pro X is a great option. Final Cut Pro was once considered the industry gold standard of editing software. In recent years, however, other software suites have become more popular. However, Final Cut is still a powerful and versatile software for Mac users. ... Professional video editing software ... LinkedIn Learning. Final Cut Pro Essential Training is a video-based tutorial series that covers all aspects of Final Cut Pro. Instructor Nick Harauz helps you get up and running, cut a story, mix audio, and deliver a final project. You can also learn new Final Cut Pro editing techniques every Friday in Final Cut Pro Weekly with Nick Harauz and ... The bundle includes the following software, all optimized for macOS and the latest Mac hardware: ... Final Cut Pro is a huge leap forward for professional video editing. Powerful media organization features let you quickly browse, tag, and filter your files. The Magnetic Timeline offers customizable layouts and innovative editing tools that are ...You can smooth a clip’s shaky footage by correcting the stabilization, rolling shutter, or both. The stabilization feature in Final Cut Pro reduces the camera motion in your video so that shaky parts can be played back more smoothly. You can turn off stabilization for any clip so that it plays as originally recorded.Final Cut doesn’t. In my opinion, DaVinci Resolve’s panels are the best for getting started and finishing a project. Premiere Pro still makes it possible to do color changes while in the ...Final Cut Pro 10.6 is available today as a free update for existing users, and for $299.99 (US) for new users on the Mac App Store. Motion 5.6 and Compressor 4.6 are also available today as free updates for existing users, and for $49.99 (US) each for new users on the Mac App Store. Logic Pro 10.7 is also available today as a free update for ... Final Cut Pro includes an intuitive, comprehensive set of tools for closed captioning in a variety of formats, without the need for expensive third-party software or services. You can create, view, and edit captions within Final Cut Pro, and deliver them as part of your video or as a separate file. Import. May 27, 2020 ... When Movavi reached out to me and asked me if I wanted to test their video editing app, Movavi Video Editor Plus 2020, I was intrigued to ...Final Cut Pro revolutionizes post-production with 360° video, HDR, and advanced tools for color correction. Try it now with a free 90-day trial.Final Cut Pro by Apple is a professional video editing program. It’s a popular choice based on a handful of desirable features, including the one-time price, the internal …Final Cut Pro. Just like the latest iPhones, Final Cut Pro supports High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) codec software for compressing and decompressing HEVC videos. Final Cut Pro is also compatible with formats from Sony, Canon, cPanasonic, ARRI, RED, and more. And because it supports XML, you can make bulk imports and exports. Adobe …I have two clips of mp4 video. Each clip is 150 MB. I want to combine the two clip into one, which will make a 300 MB file, logically. I use Final Cut Pro X to achieve this. The result is an incredibly large file: an astounding 1.5 GB. How come? So what do you guys do in this case to combine two clips and keep the file size as it supposed to be?Apple. 4.7 • 21.9K Ratings. $299.99. Screenshots. Final Cut Pro combines revolutionary video editing with powerful …Final Cut Pro X. If you work on a Mac, Final Cut Pro X is a great option. Final Cut Pro was once considered the industry gold standard of editing software. In recent years, however, other software suites have become more popular. However, Final Cut is still a powerful and versatile software for Mac users. ... Professional video editing software ...Final Cut Pro for iPad features a new touch interface, pro camera mode, multi‑camera editing, Fast Cut automation, and built-in graphics and effects. ... video studio at your fingertips. Watch the film; Try it free * Get 1 month free, then pay £4.99/month or £49 annually. * An all-newExternal monitoring of video with third-party Thunderbolt and PCIe devices, or via HDMI on select Mac computers 1. Final Cut Pro features improved performance and efficiency with optimizations for M2 Pro, M2 Max, and M1 Ultra on the new MacBook Pro and Mac Studio. 64-bit architecture to take advantage of more than 4GB of RAM.Final Cut and most other video softwares these days are much more affordable, practical and time-saving methods to traditional film editing. But to those who are beginners and who might now know what libraries, timelines, trimming, J-cuts or L-cuts are – the entire process of video editing (let alone the interface of Final Cut Pro alone) can ...If you’re looking for a powerful all-in-one video editing software that can help you easily create and edit professional-quality videos, look no further than Adobe Premiere Pro. Ad...Mar 8, 2024 · An open-source alternative to Final Cut Pro for Windows, Mac, and Linux that specializes in animation tools and motion effects. Detailed Review >. 3. Lightworks Free - Best For Control Over Effects. Lightworks Free is a professional alternative to Final Cut Pro for free. You can wishlist and pre-purchase Ghost of Tsushima Director’s Cut now on Steam and the Epic Games Store. If you pre-purchase the game, you’ll …DaVinci Resolve. 3. HitFilm Express. 4. Lightworks. 5. Kdenlive. 6. OpenShot. 7. Shotcut. 8. Blender. Part 3: Paid Alternatives to FCPX. 9. Premiere …Tools for total creative control. { {Premiere-pro}} is the collaborative platform for superior editing, color, audio, graphics, and precision-optimized output. The deep toolset allows for endless innovation and an always-advancing skillset, from social media to professional film. Workflow that really flows.8GB of RAM (16GB recommended for third-party effects and plug-ins) Metal‑capable graphics card (Intel-based Mac computers only) 5.8GB of available disk space. Some features require a Mac with Apple silicon. Some features require internet access; fees may apply. Blu‑ray recorder required for burning Blu‑ray discs. …Final Cut Pro vs. DaVinci Resolve: Overview Final Cut Pro and DaVinci Resolve are both NLE (Non-Linear Editing) video editors. However, they have some differences. Deciding between them still remains a difficult task. Final Cut Pro was an entity of Macromedia Inc. before 1998. Afterward, Apple acquired the software and began …Want to make your videos look their best? By following some simple steps, you can create videos that look great and are sure to impress your viewers. When you brush up on your vide...Dec 20, 2022 ... I still use FCP because I bought it 8 or 9 years ago and have received every software update since for free. In the software world that's ...Final Cut Pro adalah software pengeditan video yang eksklusif untuk pengguna Apple.Lebih spesifiknya lagi, pengguna Mac (baik itu iMac maupun Macbook). Dalam dunia penyuntingan video, Final Cut ini biasa disandingkan dengan Adobe Premiere Pro.. Meskipun berada di kelas atas, keduanya tetap ramah bagi para pemula yang baru …RAM in modern computer systems typically varies between 2GB all the way up to 1500GB (1.5 TB) in the latest Mac Pro. For Final Cut Pro, Motion, and Compressor, 4GB is the recommended minimum amount of RAM. If you plan on working with 4K or 360-degree video, Apple recommends at least 8GB. In truth, most video editors will need …Final Cut Pro revolutionizes post-production with 360° video, HDR, and advanced tools for color correction. Try it now with a free 90-day trial.Apple today brought its Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro software to the iPad for the first time, ... Dan will be editing a full video on the ‌iPad‌ using Final Cut Pro, so keep an eye out for that ...Yes. Yes. 1. Platform. The most significant difference between Final Cut Pro and DaVinci is the device you need to power it. Final Cut Pro is Apple software, and can only be used on a Mac, whereas Blackmagic Design’s DaVinci Resolve works well on both PCs and Macs. Depending on where you stand on the Mac versus PC argument, this …At over 3GB, Final Cut Pro is a hefty download, so make sure you have enough local storage. The program requires a machine running macOS Catalina 10.15.6 or later, an OpenCL-capable video ...Final Cut Pro X is a great video editing software for moderate video production enthusiasts. FCPX is a non-linear video editor, meaning users can cut, re-position, and layer audio and videos on a timeline. This allows the user maximum control when it comes to manipulating video footage to best suit the client's vision.The best video editing software for you can come down to which environment you’re used to operating in. If you’re a Mac OS user and want pro-level video editing, Apple Final Cut Pro is definitely the professional’s choice. At around US$299, this video editing software isn’t the cheapest.Final Cut Pro X. Best Advanced Software for Mac Users. System Requirements: MacOS 12.6 or later. Skill Level: Advanced. Apple Final Cut Pro X is the newest generation of Apple’s Final Cut video editing software. Final Cut Pro X is a favorite video editor of Mac Users posting to YouTube and similar platforms.Final Cut Pro (now Final Cut Pro X or FCPX) is an industry-level video editing software that features a neat interface and a wide selection of toolsets, bringing … ---1